Direct and Indirect Speech
When using indirect or reported speech, the form changes. Usually indirect speech is introduced by the verb said, as in I said, Bill said, or they said. Using the verb say in this tense, indicates that something was said in the past. In these cases, the main verb in the reported sentence is put in the past. If the main verb is already in a past tense, then the tense changes to another past tense; it can almost be seen as moving even further into the past.
Verb tense changes also characterize other situations using indirect speech. Note the changes shown in the chart and see the table below for examples. With indirect speech, the use of that is optional.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
simple present
He said, “I go to school every day.” simple past
He said (that) he went to school every day.
simple past
He said, “I went to school every day.” past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present perfect
He said, “I have gone to school every day.” past perfect
He said (that) he had gone to school every day.
present progressive
He said, “I am going to school every day.” past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day.
past progressive
He said, “I was going to school every day.” perfect progressive
He said (that) he had been going to school every day,
future (will)
He said, “I will go to school every day.” would + verb name
He said (that) he would go to school every day.
future (going to)
He said, “I am going to school every day.” present progressive
He said (that) he is going to school every day.
past progressive
He said (that) he was going to school every day
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
auxiliary + verb name
He said, “Do you go to school every day?”
He said, “Where do you go to school?” simple past
He asked me if I went to school every day.*
He asked me where I went to school.
imperative
He said, “Go to school every day.” infinitive
He said to go to school every day.
*Note than when a Yes/No question is being asked in direct speech, then a construction with if or whether is used. If a WH question is being asked, then use the WH to introduce the clause. Also note that with indirect speech, these are examples of embedded questions.
The situation changes if instead of the common said another part of the very to say is used. In that case the verb tenses usually remain the same. Some examples of this situation are given below.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
simple present + simple present
He says, “I go to school every day.” simple present + simple present
He says (that) he goes to school every day.
present perfect + simple present
He has said, “I go to school every day.” present perfect + simple present
He has said (that) he goes to school every day.
past progressive + simple past
He was saying, “I went to school every day.” past progressive + simple past
He was saying (that) he went to school every day.
past progressive + past perfect
He was saying (that) he had gone to school every day.
future + simple present
He will say, “I go to school every day.” future + simple present
He will say (that) he goes to school every day.
Another situation is the one in which modal constructions are used. If the verb said is used, then the form of the modal, or another modal that has a past meaning is used.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
can
He said, “I can go to school every day.” could
He said (that) he could go to school every day.
may
He said, “I may go to school every day.” might
He said (that) he might go to school every day.
might
He said, “I might go to school every day.”
must
He said, “I must go to school every day.” had to
He said (that) he had to go to school every day.
have to
He said, “I have to go to school every day.”
should
He said, “I should go to school every day.” should
He said (that) he should go to school every day.
ought to
He said, “I ought to go to school every day.” ought to
He said (that) he ought to go to school every day.
While not all of the possibilities have been listed here, there are enough to provide examples of the main rules governing the use of indirect or reported speech. For other situations, try to extrapolate from the examples here, or better still, refer to a good grammar text or reference book.
Some other verbs that can be used to introduce direct speech are: ask, report, tell, announce, suggest, and inquire. They are not used interchangeably; check a grammar or usage book for further information.
I came across the following explanation of the difference that seems (to me...) reasonable. It also includes even though case.
I'd be glad if someone comment it - how good it really is as a guide.
Quote:
Although vs Though vs Even though
Although - linking word - expresses the idea of contrast.
e.g - Although Amit has a car, he doesn't often drives it.
The clause with although can come at the end.
e.g - Although the cafe was crowded, we found a table. OR We found a table, although the cafe was crowded.
Though - is informal. It means the same as although.
e.g - Though / Although I liked the sweater, I decided not to buy it.
We can use though at the end of a sentence.
e.g - I liked the sweater. I decided not to buy it, though.
Even though - is stronger, more emphatic than although.
e.g -
1). Ram looked quite fresh, even though he'd been playing cricket.
2). Even though you dislike Sanya, you should try to be nice to her.
Note - We can use in spite of the fact (that) in the same way as although.
e.g -
I'm no better, although I've taken the pills.
OR
I'm no better in spite of the fact that I've taken pills.
Quick Tip -- Applicable most of the times but not always ...
Even though -- when the condition given is negative but the outcome/result is
Despite
Despite means "even though," "notwithstanding," or "regardless of." It's the opposite of "because of/due to," and can be used with a noun or gerund.
She had difficulty communicating in French despite all her years of study.
We lost the game, despite the fact that we practiced all week.
Despite not having an umbrella, I walked home in the rain.
In spite of
In spite of means exactly the same thing and is used exactly the same way as "despite."
She had difficulty communicating in French in spite of all her years of study.
We lost the game, in spite of the fact that we practiced all week.
In spite of not having an umbrella, I walked home in the rain.
The Bottom Line
The English terms despite and in spite of are synonyms. Despite might be a tiny bit more formal, but the two terms are interchangeable. Just be careful not to say something like "despite of" or "in despite" - it's always either the three words in spite of, or just the single word despite.
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